Volume 23(2), 2024

Abstract. Agriculture faces the challenge of providing food for 9 billion people by 2050, while simultaneously increasing the consumption of natural resources, such as water. In response to these challenges, Agriculture 4.0, also known as smart farming, leverages modern technologies including artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), drones, Big Data, and biotechnology to enhance production efficiency and balance agricultural processes. These technologies include, among others, sensors that monitor environmental conditions and crop status, precise weed control systems, drones, robots, advanced animal health and nutrition monitoring systems, as well as technologies enabling precise seeding and fertilization. The implementation of Agriculture 4.0 solutions can lead to reduced production costs and lower consumption of natural resources. However, barriers such as high implementation costs, lack of necessary skills among farmers, the “digital divide’’, data security concerns, and insufficient trust in new technologies present significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of these innovations. To effectively implement Agriculture 4.0, financial support, farmer education, and the development of appropriate infrastructure in rural areas are essential, enabling the sector to meet future challenges.

Abstract. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is one of the most impactful invasive alien species in Poland, and its population has been growing rapidly in recent years. This species is highly opportunistic in terms of habitat and food, which favors its expansion and colonization of new areas, due to its ability to easily adapt to diverse environmental conditions. Raccoons are found in forests, orchards, and farmland, as well as in built-up areas, such as villages and cities. The threats the raccoon poses to native species and ecosystems, as well as to human health and safety, are increasingly recognized. This study examines the origin of the species, its current range in Poland and Europe, key mechanisms of invasiveness, and the potential ecological and social impacts of its presence.

Abstract. The aim of the study was to assess the costs incurred and profits earned by owners of Bernese mountain dogs in Poland. A questionnaire survey was carried out among 164 respondents, including 11 breeders and 5 owners of stud dogs. One-time expenses (e.g. the purchase of a puppy, starter kit, and neutering/spaying) and recurring expenses (e.g. feeding, grooming, training, veterinary care, and care for the dog when the owner is away) were analysed. In addition, costs associated with breeding and with stud dog activity were analysed. The purchase of a puppy was shown to be the largest of the one-time expenses, while feeding was the largest recurring expense. The smallest of the recurring costs was membership fees in kennel clubs and municipal fees for owning a dog, which most owners were not obliged to pay in their place of residence, while the smallest one-time cost was the purchase of training accessories. In general, no statistically significant differences were found between the costs of keeping male and female dogs. Breeders registered in the Polish Kennel Club achieved higher revenues from the sale of puppies in comparison with other kennel clubs. Instances of earning money in ways other than running a dog breeding business or stud dog activity were marginal. The results of the study can be a source of information for potential owners and breeders in making informed decisions as to the choice of breed.